Skip to content
PracticalGuideSpot

10 Best Flash Drive For Djing in 2026

This guide compares the top 10 Flash Drive for Djing options for reliable performance speed and capacity needs for your next gig.

As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. We may earn a commission when you buy through links on this page, at no additional cost to you. Read our affiliate disclosure.As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.Purchases through our links may earn us a commission, at no extra cost to you. Read our affiliate disclosure.
In this guide
  1. 01Top 3 picks
  2. 02Compare all 10
  3. 03In-depth reviews
  4. 04Buying guide
  5. 05Use and care
  6. 06Common questions
  7. 07Final verdict

Choosing the right Flash Drive for Djing is critical for any DJ who needs reliable storage during live performances. You need fast transfer speeds to load tracks quickly and enough capacity to hold your entire music library without issues.

We compared ten top-rated drives based on speed capacity durability and compatibility with major DJ equipment like Pioneer DJ AlphaTheta and Denon. Our analysis focuses on real-world performance metrics that matter most on stage.

Each pick highlights key specs and benefits to help you find the perfect fit for your setup. Please note that prices and availability change frequently so always check current listings before purchasing.

Top 3 Picks for Best Flash Drive for Djing

Best Budget

Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive - 1TB USB
Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive – 1TB USB

4.5Editor score

Up to 1TB storage capacity
1000MB/s read speed
Small form factor for travel

Check price

Editor's Choice

SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive
SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive

4.8Editor score

Up to 1000MB/s read speeds
USB-C and USB-A connectors
Includes three months rekordbox Creative Plan

Check price

Best Budget

PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit USB 3.1 Flash Drive
PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit USB 3.1 Flash Drive

4.6Editor score

Up to 200MB/s read speeds
Compact plug and stay design
Backwards compatible with USB 2.0

Check price

Top 10 Best Flash Drive for Djing in 2026 Compared

The following table provides a side-by-side overview of all ten drives to help you quickly compare key specifications like capacity speed and connector types.

ProductsSpecificationsEditor scorePrice
1SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO Dual Drive

Best Budget

SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO Dual Drive
256GB storage capacity
1000MB/s read speed
USB-C and USB-A ports
Metal build design
4.6Editor score

Check price

2SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive

Editor's Choice

SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive
512GB storage capacity
1000MB/s read speed
USB-C and USB-A ports
Includes rekordbox software
4.8Editor score

Check price

3Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive

Best Premium

Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive
1TB storage capacity
1000MB/s read speed
USB-C and USB-A ports
Includes rekordbox software
4.5Editor score

Check price

4DJ TechTools Chroma USB Drive

DJ TechTools Chroma USB Drive
512GB storage capacity
USB 3.2 high speed
USB-C and USB-A ports
Optimized for Rekordbox
4.4Editor score

Check price

5Lexar D40E 256GB Dual USB

Lexar D40E 256GB Dual USB
256GB storage capacity
100MB/s read speed
USB-C and USB-A ports
Metal enclosure design
4.3Editor score

Check price

6Samsung Type-C USB Flash Drive

Samsung Type-C USB Flash Drive
256GB storage capacity
400MB/s read speed
USB-C connector
Waterproof and shockproof
4.5Editor score

Check price

7SAMSUNG BAR Plus 256GB

SAMSUNG BAR Plus 256GB
256GB storage capacity
400MB/s read speed
USB 3.1 connector
Rugged metal casing
4.7Editor score

Check price

8SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO USB-C

SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO USB-C
256GB storage capacity
1000MB/s read speed
USB-C connector
Includes RescuePRO software
4.4Editor score

Check price

9PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit

PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit
128GB storage capacity
200MB/s read speed
USB 3.1 connector
Low profile design
4.6Editor score

Check price

10SAMSUNG MUF-256AB/AM FIT Plus

SAMSUNG MUF-256AB/AM FIT Plus
256GB storage capacity
300MB/s read speed
USB 3.1 connector
Compact seamless fit
4.7Editor score

Check price

1. SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive – Best Overall Flash Drive for Djing

SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive, USB-C & USB-A, Up to 1,000MB/s Read Speeds4.8Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SANDISK 512GB DJ Flash Drive
Up to 1000MB/s read
512GB storage capacity
USB-C and USB-A
3 months rekordbox Creative

This SANDISK drive stands out as the top choice for serious DJs needing reliable high-speed storage. It features a 512GB capacity and read speeds up to 1000MB/s which ensures quick track loading. The rating of 4.8 reflects consistent performance in real-world setups.

Pros

  • Extremely fast transfer speeds
  • Dual connectivity options
  • Includes rekordbox software license
  • High capacity for large libraries
  • Robust encryption features

Cons

  • Higher price point than basics
  • May overheat during heavy use

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The standout quality is the dual USB-C and USB-A design which allows compatibility with both modern CDJs and legacy gear. It also includes three months of rekordbox Creative Plan helping you streamline your workflow. Encryption protects your playlist from unauthorized access.

While the price is higher than standard flash drives the included software and speed justify the investment. Some users note it can get warm under continuous writes but this is typical for high performance drives. It is built for reliability during live sets.

If you need a drive that handles large libraries and offers fast access without compromising compatibility this is the ideal pick. It is perfect for touring DJs who demand speed and security.

Superior Transfer Speeds

With read speeds up to 1000MB/s you can load entire sets in seconds ensuring smooth transitions during performances.

Dual Connectivity Convenience

The inclusion of both USB-C and USB-A connectors means you never need an adapter regardless of your controller model.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

2. Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive – Best Premium Flash Drive for Djing

Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive - 1TB USB4.5Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Alpha Theta Sandisk DJ Flash Drive
Up to 1TB capacity
1000MB/s read speed
USB-C and USB-A ports
3 months rekordbox included

This Alpha Theta branded drive offers an impressive 1TB capacity which is rare for portable DJ drives. It maintains the same 1000MB/s read speed as other premium models ensuring quick access to tracks. The rating of 4.5 indicates solid performance though some units vary slightly.

Pros

  • Massive 1TB storage
  • Fast data transfer rates
  • Travel-friendly form factor
  • Automatic backup features
  • Compatible with major decks

Cons

  • Premium pricing tier
  • Limited availability online

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Its small form factor makes it easy to carry in a pocket without adding bulk to your gear bag. The included rekordbox software helps manage files automatically across devices. This is ideal for DJs who juggle multiple sets and need ample room.

The main trade-off is the higher cost compared to standard 512GB drives. However if you need to store thousands of tracks without worrying about space this is worth the investment. The backup feature adds peace of mind for your library.

If you prioritize storage capacity above all else this drive delivers unmatched room for your music and performance files. It suits professional DJs with extensive libraries.

Unmatched Storage Capacity

With up to 1TB of space you can store years worth of tracks mixes and essential files without running out of room.

Automatic File Management

The Sandisk app enables automatic backup and file organization keeping your library accessible on Android and iOS devices.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

3. PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit – Best Budget Flash Drive for Djing

PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit USB 3.1 Flash Drive4.6Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
PNY 128GB Elite-X Fit
Up to 200MB/s read
128GB storage capacity
USB 3.1 connectivity
Compact low profile design

This PNY drive is a great entry-level option for DJs on a budget who need reliable storage. It offers 128GB capacity and read speeds up to 200MB/s which is adequate for smaller libraries. The rating of 4.6 shows consistent reliability across various uses.

Pros

  • Very affordable price
  • Plug and stay design
  • USB 3.1 performance
  • Lightweight and compact
  • Backwards compatible

Cons

  • Lower capacity than others
  • Slower speeds than Pro models

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The plug and stay design allows it to remain connected without protruding from your laptop or controller. This reduces the risk of physical damage during transport. It is ideal for beginners or backup needs where speed is less critical.

The trade-off is limited space compared to 512GB or 1TB options so you may need to manage files carefully. Speeds are decent but not top tier for large transfers. Still it offers excellent value for the price.

If you need a cost-effective solution for a backup set or practice sessions this drive provides solid performance without breaking the bank. It is perfect for hobbyists.

Space-Saving Design

The low profile plug and stay design ensures the drive stays securely connected without obstructing other ports on your device.

Cost-Effective Storage

At a very affordable price point this drive offers a reliable way to store your music without a significant financial commitment.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

4. SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO Dual Drive – Fastest Flash Drive for Djing

SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO Dual Drive USB-C+USB-A Up to 1000MB/s Read Speeds4.6Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO Dual Drive
Up to 1000MB/s read
256GB storage capacity
Dual USB connectors
Premium metal build

This Extreme PRO drive delivers exceptional speed with read rates up to 1000MB/s for quick data access. It has 256GB capacity which is enough for many standard sets. The rating of 4.6 reflects its consistent performance across devices.

Pros

  • Very fast read speeds
  • Dual port flexibility
  • Durable metal construction
  • Encryption included
  • Universal connectivity

Cons

  • Smaller capacity than 512GB
  • Cap can be lost easily

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The dual USB-C and USB-A connectors allow you to plug directly into laptops and CDJs without adapters. The metal build ensures it withstands the rigors of travel. Encryption keeps your critical documents safe from prying eyes.

While the capacity is lower than the 512GB model it is still generous for most gigs. Some users report the cap can be tricky to keep secure. However the speed advantage makes up for this minor inconvenience.

If you need fast reliable storage for a moderate library this drive offers a great balance of performance and portability. It suits DJs who prioritize speed.

Extreme Performance

With read speeds of 1000MB/s and write speeds of 900MB/s you can transfer your entire set in mere minutes.

Universal Connectivity

The dual port design supports USB-C and USB-A ensuring compatibility with almost any modern device or controller.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

5. DJ TechTools Chroma USB Drive – Most Versatile Flash Drive for Djing

DJ TechTools Chroma USB Drive – Dual USB-A/USB-C Flash Drive | High-Speed USB 3.2 for DJs, Rekordbox, Serato, Engine DJ | DJ USB Drive for Music Library Sync (Cloud White, 512, GB)4.4Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
DJ TechTools Chroma USB Drive
512GB storage capacity
USB 3.2 speed
Dual USB connectivity
Optimized for Rekordbox

This Chroma drive is designed specifically for DJs needing compatibility with both legacy and modern gear. It offers 512GB capacity and USB 3.2 speeds for efficient syncing. The rating of 4.4 indicates solid reliability with various setups.

Pros

  • High capacity storage
  • Dual port support
  • Field tested for DJs
  • Optimized for DJ software
  • Durable travel design

Cons

  • Speeds slightly lower than Top Pro
  • Limited color options

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

It works seamlessly with Pioneer Denon and other major gear without needing adapters. Field testing ensures it handles high-pressure sets reliably. The durable design withstands frequent plugging and travel wear and tear.

While not as fast as the Extreme PRO model it provides ample speed for most DJ workflows. The trade-off is the slightly lower read speed but the versatility is unmatched. It suits a wide range of setups.

If you use multiple controller types this drive offers the flexibility to plug into almost anything. It is ideal for DJs with diverse equipment.

Legacy and Modern Support

The dual USB-A and USB-C compatibility ensures you can connect to CDJs laptops and controllers without adapters.

Field-Tested Reliability

Tested with Pioneer and Denon gear this drive guarantees smooth performance during long gigs and high-pressure sets.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

6. Samsung Type-C USB Flash Drive – Most Compact Flash Drive for Djing

Samsung Type-C USB Flash Drive 256GB, USB 3.2 Gen 1, Up to 400MB/s4.5Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Samsung Type-C USB Flash Drive
256GB storage capacity
400MB/s read speed
Reversible USB-C plug
Shockproof waterproof

This Samsung drive is incredibly compact making it easy to keep on your keychain. It offers 256GB capacity and up to 400MB/s read speeds for decent performance. The rating of 4.5 suggests reliable daily use for most DJs.

Pros

  • Compact pocket-sized design
  • Fast 400MB/s speeds
  • Durable shockproof body
  • Reversible plug design
  • Wide device compatibility

Cons

  • USB-C only connector
  • Slower than 1000MB/s models

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The reversible plug means you never have to worry about orientation when plugging into laptops or tablets. Its waterproof and shockproof design adds resilience against drops spills and X-rays. This suits mobile DJs traveling frequently.

The trade-off is the USB-C only connector which requires adapters for older USB-A ports. Speeds are good but not the fastest available. However its durability and size make it a practical choice for travel.

If you need a tiny reliable drive that survives rough handling this is a great option. It is perfect for mobile sets.

Ultra-Sleek Design

The ultra-sleek USB-C drive fits in the palm of your hand and transfers large files with style and ease.

Tough and Trusted

Files stay secure with waterproof shockproof magnetproof temperatureproof and X-rayproof protection plus a five-year warranty.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

7. SAMSUNG BAR Plus 256GB – Most Durable Flash Drive for Djing

SAMSUNG BAR Plus 256GB - 400MB/s USB 3.1 Flash Drive Champagne Silver (MUF-256BE3/AM)4.7Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SAMSUNG BAR Plus 256GB
256GB storage capacity
400MB/s read speed
Rugged metal casing
Key ring included

This BAR Plus drive features a rugged metal casing designed for durability during daily use. It offers 256GB capacity and 400MB/s read speeds for efficient file handling. The rating of 4.7 confirms high user satisfaction with reliability.

Pros

  • Rugged metal construction
  • Fast transfer speeds
  • Secure key ring attachment
  • Waterproof and shockproof
  • Backwards compatible

Cons

  • USB-A only port
  • Requires adapter for USB-C

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The key ring attachment prevents loss when carrying it in your pocket. It is waterproof shockproof and magnetproof ensuring data safety in tough conditions. Backwards compatibility supports older devices as well.

The trade-off is the USB-A only port which means you will need an adapter for modern USB-C devices. Despite this its durability makes it a robust choice for travel. It is ideal for rugged environments.

If you need a tough reliable drive that survives travel wear this is an excellent option. It suits DJs who prioritize longevity.

Rugged Metal Casing

The metal casing provides exceptional durability while the key ring helps prevent accidental loss in crowded spaces.

Data Security

With waterproof shockproof magnetproof and x-ray proof protection your files remain secure regardless of the terrain.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

8. SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO USB-C – Fastest USB-C Flash Drive for Djing

SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO USB-C Flash Drive, Up to 1000MB/s Read speeds4.4Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SANDISK 256GB Extreme PRO USB-C
256GB storage capacity
1000MB/s read speed
USB-C connector only
Includes RescuePRO software

This Extreme PRO USB-C drive offers unmatched read speeds up to 1000MB/s for rapid track loading. It has 256GB capacity suitable for standard sets. The rating of 4.4 indicates consistent performance across modern laptops and controllers.

Pros

  • Very fast USB-C speeds
  • Compact universal design
  • Data recovery software
  • Auto-backup support
  • High reliability

Cons

  • USB-C only connector
  • Slower write speed

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The included RescuePRO Deluxe software helps recover deleted files easily which is crucial during intense work. It also supports auto-backup via the Memory Zone app for seamless syncing. This adds value for data protection.

The trade-off is the USB-C only connector which limits compatibility without adapters. Write speeds are lower than read speeds but still efficient. It is a top choice for USB-C native setups.

If you need blazing fast read speeds for your USB-C laptop this drive excels. It is perfect for professionals.

Unparalleled Speeds

Whether handling 4K videos or complex files you can transfer data at speeds of up to 1000MB/s.

Restoration Capabilities

RescuePRO Deluxe software included helps you recover deleted files easily ensuring no data is ever truly lost.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

9. Lexar D40E 256GB Dual USB – Best Portable Flash Drive for Djing

Lexar D40E 256GB Dual USB 3.2 Gen 1 Type-C Jump Drive, Champagne Silver4.3Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
Lexar D40E 256GB Dual USB
256GB storage capacity
100MB/s read speed
Dual USB-A and-C
360-degree swivel

This Lexar Drive offers a slim 2-in-1 design with USB-A and Type-C connectors for universal use. It provides 256GB capacity and decent speeds for standard needs. The rating of 4.3 reflects good value for general usage.

Pros

  • Dual port flexibility
  • Slim portable design
  • Plug and play setup
  • Secure encryption software
  • Compact metal body

Cons

  • Slower transfer speeds
  • Capless design risk

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The 360-degree swivel design lets you switch connectors without losing a cap. It is widely compatible with smartphones tablets and laptops. The metal enclosure withstands temperatures from 0 to 50 degrees Celsius.

Speeds are lower than Pro models making it less ideal for huge libraries. However its portability and flexibility make it great for backup. The encryption software adds security to your files.

If you need a portable dual-port drive for general use this is a practical choice. It suits casual DJs.

OTG Storage

The USB Type-A and Type-C connectors in a slim portable form factor allow easy device compatibility on the go.

Security and Warranty

Securely protects files using 256-bit AES encryption and is backed by a three-year limited warranty.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

10. SAMSUNG MUF-256AB/AM FIT Plus – Best Low Profile Flash Drive for Djing

SAMSUNG MUF-256AB/AM FIT Plus 256GB - 300MB/s USB 3.1 Flash Drive, Gunmetal Gray4.7Editor scoreCheck price on Amazon
SAMSUNG MUF-256AB/AM FIT Plus
256GB storage capacity
300MB/s read speed
Compact seamless fit
Waterproof design

This FIT Plus drive is exceptionally compact making it one of the smallest options available. It offers 256GB capacity and 300MB/s read speeds for basic needs. The rating of 4.7 highlights user satisfaction with its small form.

Pros

  • Exceptionally compact size
  • Seamless unnoticeable design
  • Shock and water proof
  • Five-year warranty
  • Key ring included

Cons

  • USB-A only port
  • Lower read speed

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

The seamless fit design means it stays out of the way when plugged in. It is shockproof water proof and x-ray proof ensuring data security. A key ring helps prevent accidental loss during travel.

While speeds are lower than high-end models it provides reliable storage for smaller libraries. The USB-A only port limits modern compatibility. Still its durability and compactness are strong advantages.

If you need a tiny durable drive that barely registers when plugged in this is a great option. It suits travel DJs.

Seamless Fitting Design

The unnoticeable seamless fit is designed with a key ring to prevent loss while staying low profile.

Built to Last Reliability

This shockproof flash drive is also water proof temperature proof x-ray proof and magnetic proof with a five-year warranty.

Check price on Amazon

We may earn a commission when you buy through this link, at no additional cost to you.

Buying Guide – How to Choose the Best Flash Drive for Djing

Choosing the right flash drive involves balancing speed capacity durability and connector types for your specific gear.

Transfer Speed

High transfer speeds ensure your tracks load quickly into your DJ software or hardware. Look for read speeds of at least 300MB/s to avoid lag during live performances.

Faster read speeds mean your entire library can be accessed rapidly reducing wait times between sets.

Storage Capacity

Capacity determines how many songs you can store on one drive. For professional sets 512GB or 1TB is recommended to avoid running out of space.

Choose a capacity that matches your library size and backup needs without needing multiple drives per gig.

Connector Type

Connectors must match your laptop or controller. USB-C is becoming standard but USB-A remains common for legacy gear.

Dual port drives offer maximum flexibility allowing you to plug into various devices without extra adapters.

Durability

A durable drive withstands frequent plugging travel shocks and temperature changes. Metal cases protect data better than plastic.

Waterproof and shockproof ratings add security ensuring your music survives the rigors of touring.

Compatibility

Ensure the drive works with your DJ software and hardware. Brands like SanDisk have specific models for Rekordbox and AlphaTheta decks.

Some drives come with optimized firmware ensuring seamless syncing with Pioneer Denon and other popular gear.

Data Security

Encryption software protects your playlists from unauthorized access. This is vital if you carry your set across different venues.

Look for drives with password protection and AES encryption to keep your music safe.

Software Features

Included software like rekordbox licenses can save money and streamline workflow. Auto-backup features add reliability to your workflow.

Some drives offer recovery tools to restore accidentally deleted files which is crucial for last-minute edits.

Warranty

A longer warranty indicates manufacturer confidence in durability. Aim for at least three years of coverage.

Warranties often cover accidental damage or drive failures ensuring you are protected against defects.

How to Use and Care for Your Flash Drive for Djing

Before your first gig format the drive to the recommended file system for your controller such as NTFS or exFAT. This ensures compatibility and optimal performance during live sets.

Always eject the drive safely before unplugging to prevent data corruption. Sudden removal can damage files and render your music unreadable on your decks.

Store the drive in a protective case when not in use to avoid physical damage and static discharge. Avoid exposing it to extreme temperatures or moisture during travel.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which USB drive is best for Pioneer DJ decks?

SanDisk drives are widely recommended for Pioneer DJ decks because they offer the speed and reliability needed for Rekordbox. Models like the SanDisk 512GB DJ Flash Drive are specifically optimized for this workflow.

Do I need a USB-C or USB-A drive for DJing?

It depends on your gear. If you have modern CDJs like CDJ-3000 you should use USB-C. However many controllers still use USB-A so a dual port drive is the safest option for compatibility.

How much storage do I need for a DJ set?

For a typical 20 set 512GB should be sufficient to hold several thousand high-quality tracks. If you prefer to carry multiple backup sets or large video files aim for 1TB to be safe.

Can I use a standard flash drive for DJing?

Standard flash drives may work but they often lack the speed required for loading large libraries smoothly. For professional use choose a drive with read speeds of at least 400MB/s to avoid performance issues.

Is encryption important for a DJ flash drive?

Yes encryption protects your playlists and tracks from unauthorized access or theft. Many professional drives offer password protection which keeps your unique set safe while traveling.

What file system should I format my DJ drive to?

Most DJ controllers prefer FAT32 or exFAT. Check your specific hardware manual for recommendations as some models require specific file formats to read tracks correctly.

How do I backup my DJ library on a flash drive?

Use the included software or DJ application to create a backup of your library folder directly to the drive. This ensures all metadata cue points and playlist settings are saved along with the tracks.

Final Thoughts on Choosing the Best Flash Drive for Djing

Choosing the right flash drive is essential for smooth performances and reliable music access. Our top picks include the SanDisk 512GB DJ Flash Drive for overall performance the Alpha Theta Sandisk 1TB for capacity and the PNY 128GB for budget-friendly needs.

Prioritize speed and compatibility to ensure your tracks load quickly on your specific hardware. Dual port drives offer flexibility for both modern and legacy setups while durability features protect your investment during travel.

Remember that prices and stock vary so always check current listings before making a final decision. With the right drive you can focus on your music without worrying about technical interruptions.